The skeleton is both essential for muscle attachment, enabling ambulation, and as a source of calcium to maintain homeostasis at times of low enteral calcium availability. INTRODUCTION Calcium is required for bone mineralization as well as a wide variety of physiologic processes.
Keywords: Calcium Vitamin D Osteoporotic fractures Osteoporosis Myocardial infarction Stroke. There is compelling evidence from well-conducted randomized trials that modest vitamin D supplementation is safe but does not confer cardiovascular benefit or cardiovascular harm. Recommendations regarding vitamin D supplementation vary widely. Most current guidelines recommend calcium intake of up to 1,200 mg daily, preferably from the diet, without concern for cardiovascular risk. Inconsistent results have been reported concerning the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. verified), prior calcium intake, and trial size. There is significant heterogeneity in clinical trial design, differences in the nature of trial outcomes (self-reported vs. In this review, we summarize the most important trials and systematic reviews. Many trials have studied the effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, with disparate results. Calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely used for fracture prevention in elderly populations. Calcium and vitamin D play an important role in mineral homeostasis and the maintenance of skeletal health.
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